Geographic differentiation of Ganaspis xanthopoda (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), with notes on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Ganaspis and related genera

This study aims to clarify geographic differentiation of Ganaspis xanthopoda and the taxonomic status of Ganaspis, Leptolamina and Kleidotoma species (Hymenoptera; Figitidae; Eucoilinae) attacking flies of Drosophilidae, based on the nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and three nuclear DNA regions,the inter-transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2) and putative 60S ribosomal protein L37 (RpL37). Four lineages are recognized in individuals so far assigned to Ganaspis xanthopoda: 1) individuals occurring in tropical regions of Asia, America,Hawaii and Africa, 2) individuals from temperate lowlands of Japan and high altitudeareas of Southeast Asia, 3) individuals from Iriomote-jima, and 4) individuals associated with Drosophila suzukii. The first and the second lineages have differentiated in the mate choice and host selection to some extent, although post-mating isolation between them is weak. The fourth lineage is assumed to have differentiated at least from the second lineage at the species level, but the species status of the first three lineages isnot yet determined. The phylogenetic analysis with the nucleotide sequence of CO1 suggests that Ganaspis species attacking drosophilid flies are distantly related with G.mundata, the type species of Ganaspis. In addition, a species so far assigned to Ganaspis is included in the clade of Kleidotoma, and Leptolamina species are grouped with Sirenes and Glauraspidia species.Keywords: Drosophila parasitoids; Eucoilinae; Ganaspis xanthopoda; phylogeny;taxonomy Journal of Natural History. 2017